From Mirroring to the world-Makin: Research and Future Forming
Kenneth J.Gergen -
Swarthmore College, TheInstitut Taos
Biography
The son of John Jay Gergen, President of the Department of
Mathematics at Duke University, and Aubigne Munger (née Lermond), Gergen grew
up in Durham, North Carolina. He had three brothers, one of whom is David
Gergen, the prominent political analyst. After completing public education, he
attended Yale University .Graduando up in 1957, he later became a US naval
officer. He then returned to graduate school at Duke University, where he received
his PhD in psychology in 1963. His dissertation advisor was Edward E. Jones.
Gergen went on to become an assistant professor in the Department of Social
Relations daUniversidade Harvard, where he also became the Chairman of the
tutors and advisers to the department and representative of the Council of the
University in Educational Policy.
Gergen in 1967 took a position as Chairman of the Department
of Psychology at Swarthmore College, a position he held for ten years. At
various intervals he served as visiting professor at the University of
Heidelberg, the University of Marburg, the Sorbonne, the University of Rome,
Kyoto University, and the University Adolfo Ibáñez. In Swarthmore he
spearheaded the development of academic concentration on the theory of interpretation.
In an attempt to link their academic work to social practices, he collaborated
with colleagues to create the Taos Institute in 1996. He is currently a
Research Professor at Swarthmore Senior, President of the Institute Taos
Council and assistant professor at the University of Tilburg.
Gergen is married to Mary M. Gergen, professor emeritus at
Penn State University, and a major contributor to feminist psychology and
desempenho.Ela question is the author of over 50 articles and is the co-author
(with Ken Gergen) of "social construction". They publish Aging
Newsletter positive with an audience of at least 12,000. [Citation needed ]
Summary
• The condition of the reflective pragmatism and the
repetition of old practices of doing research in the wars of traditional and
social sciences.
• The underlying predominant metaphor most research across
the social sciences continues to be the "mirror".
• Even aware of their prejudices, researchers are still
trying to reflect, explore, light, or describe aspects of individual or social
life through commonly shared practices.
• The author offers an alternative to the "mirror
metaphor", a research orientation in which the great attempt is not used
to analyze the world about what it is, but to actively shape the future
contours.
• The orientation for the research to be forming the futur
is justified because they are faster and faster fluctuations in social life.
• This approach is an alternative to the prevailing
tradition and its consequences are unclear to society.
• The author of a vision of knowledge as propositional, a
knowledge as praxis - or "learn" practical.
• It discusses research into a future that is in training,
which has a direction, through critical research, creation of new practices and
a collaborative action.
• In the text, it is also given attention to the role of
theory, and a relational ethics of research.
p.1
• The author begins by presenting issues that permeate the
recent and intense debates about the nature of scientific truth. For these, they
leave a trail of misunderstanding, animosity, and a growing gap between the
traditionalists and those variously termed "post-fundamentalist,"
"post-empiricist" and "postmodern".
• It is not to review the vast literature on these issues,
or to resolve these tensions. What you want is:
Putting the focus on most recognizable results of these
debates
Take the support of critics and defenders of tradition.
Extend the implicit logic of these conclusions
E explore an emerging conception of what is to conduct research
in the field of human or social sciences.
• Finally, point to significant deficiencies widely shared
traditions, both conceptual and pragmatic.
• proposed outline the potential of this alternative.
• He believes that this conception of a future in research-oriented
training gives way to new goals, practices, ethical deliberations and
reflections.
• It's not only eliminate the long-standing traditions, but
to put new focus on potential long-range research.
The emergence of a reflective pragmatism
• Points widespread criticism of traditional theories based
on the value of saturation claims of knowledge, its dependence on the literary
and rhetorical, and your social life (as opposed to empirical), which virtually
eliminated the search for a fundamental philosophy of science.
• This is the legacy of the Enlightenment and the rational
foundations of science.
• But we found the controversies of so-called "science
wars" that are largely missing.
• There are several lines of criticism that in its less
antagonistic way, have become relatively uncontroversial, which does not allow
a place for traditional lines of research, although they consider qualified in
significant respects.
• The author characterizes this emerging consensus as a
reflective pragmatism (Gergen, 2014).
• It has two hypotheses more widely shared that lend
themselves to a reflective pragmatism are as follows:
Everything that exists does not make necessary demands on
the representation. One of the most controversial points of friction in the
debate concerns the extent to which our accounts in the world can be driven or
determined by events in the world.
On one side is the empiricist tradition, arguing that the
descriptions of the world are "data driven", and can be corrected and
improved through observation.
On the other hand, there are numerous researchers
throughout the social sciences that if something similar to hold the
theoretical structure (or language), no significant observations.
• Indeed, theory determines what counts as data. Putting
aside the ends of these positions (eg naive empiricism vs. Linguistic
reductionism)
p.2
• There is only one agreement: all it takes to understand
the world does not require or required any particular form of representation
(eg, statements, dials, movements, signs or graphics).
Ex. There are many ways to describe the world.
• Saussure (1916) points to the culturally situated
character of relations between signifier and signified.
• Quineau (1981), states that one can recognize the various
ways to describe what might otherwise call "the same situation."
• Kant proposed that not only is the space and time that can
not be derived from experience, but actually the experience itself may not
require such common words like "table" and "chair". A
second assumption disarming follows the first.
• In this regard, what stands out as objective truth can be
established within a research tradition.
• A significant tension between traditionalists and critics
concerns the assumption that the scientific research allows us to move towards
an objective truth.
• Traditionalists believe in the advancement of the natural
sciences, but critics believe that the social sciences are broader in its
dimensions.
• The understanding that the relationship between the world
and word is negotiable, there is broad agreement that the useful agreements can
be reached on the nature of what exists.
• With (Bourdieu, 1977) concept of habitus, it is to
recognize the common sense structures of everyday life - including concepts,
practices and artifacts.
• The appointment of the real can not be justified by
reference act is the same sedimentation social understandings that enables
communities of science to achieve what we normally see as progress.
• Kuhn (1962), states that since there is a shared paradigm
(metaphysical, ontological and practical), science can become productive.
• With a broad agreement of these two assumptions, the
contentious atmosphere in decades began to decline. As puts Wertz (2011), there
is an emerging fairly robust spirit of pluralism, which has fueled the huge
expansion of qualitative research practices.
• The reflection moves from questions of a philosophical
basis aimed at social utility. For all research practices can be legitimized on
their own terms, the issue then becomes one of its results.
• What research can ultimately contribute to the world more
generally? And this question is accompanied by a critical concern with politics
and ideology. There have other questions: - Who are the intended useful
results, and how; who benefits, who might be harmed; and who is absent from the
discussion? We then pragmatism with a social conscience.
p.3
• There is much to be considered in favor of this condition
on "agreements". However, there is a feeling of dullness of the
eternal return "the same".
• Speech big fight between the traditional scientists and
social scientists.
• I am not proposing that there is a wide acceptance of his
own metaphor; in fact, it has been the subject of significant criticism.
• However, as discussions about investigative reasons are
abandoned in favor of a pluralistic pragmatic, traditional form of research
remains largely unchallenged.
• Thus, much of the research today remain dedicated to
"reveal", "lighting", "understanding" or
"reflecting" a certain state of affairs.
• In my opinion, this central vision tradition severely
restricts the capabilities of the social sciences.
• If we extend the implications of the assumptions described
above, we find a radically new vision research and its potential.
Findings, performative and Consequences
• In their seminal work, "How to do things with
words", JL Austin (1962) classified the famous distinction between
constative and performative utterances.
• "the act of appointment has consequences for
subsequent actions. Similarly, as social scientists go about describing the
nature of the" aggression "," mental illness ","
suicide ", and so on, they are" naming " or "dubbing"
those under study in ways that invite our actions toward them. - curtailing
their aggression, treatment of mental illness, suicide prevention, and so on
These consequences were in fact the focus of initial studies
"labeling" social deviation (see, e.g., Gove 1975)
• And that's not consequential character of social science
description, limited to the saturated value language as the previous one.
• As Peter Winch (1958) once wrote: "Since
understanding something involves understanding its contradiction, someone who,
with understanding, performs X must be able to envision the possibility of
doing X" (p 89.).
o By implication, this is to say that any research that aims
to describe human behavior, also lays the foundation for a possible action (or
resistance).
4
• From the perspective of reflective pragmatism, the
constative statements are essential in any scientific community to conduct its
activities.
• In this sense, they have important pragmatic value while
maintaining the common community values.
• What is added here is the way in which these
"realities-postulated" and the values that are external to them are
shared with the culture more broadly.
• Indeed, in their descriptions of human activity,
communities of social sciences have the ability to transform society in
general.
• (Gergen, 1973) calls "the purpose of
clarification" to explain the way in which the exposure of social behavior
of scientists could alter behavior patterns in society.
• Because the conduct of science can transform your object -
the result was to place social science knowledge in the historical context, but
he failed to exploit the productive possibilities.
• You need to develop a more proactive view of the potential
for social science research. Instead of recognizing this purpose, the service
of a more reflective view of science, a case will be made for future research
as a practical training - a practice in which social change is in fact the main
objective. Before exploring the potential of this point of view, it is
important to point out the limits and dangers of search as a mirror.
The Captivating Gaze
• When there is a local agreement among researchers on
descriptive or interpretive language, along with references and methodological
procedures practices, researchers can actually contribute to the community to
which they belong.
Example: In the agreement conditions, the narrative research
can illuminate the suffering of the oppressed, phenomenology can give us an
insight into the experience of loneliness, and conversation analysis can give
us insight into the structure of the conversation.
• In practical terms, we must not dispense with tradition.
• At the same time, there are harsh consequences for both
the humanities and the societies in which they operate.
• Shared agreements are essentially engaging. And, to a
significant degree, the captivating look simultaneously constrains the imagination
and numbs the sensitivity to the consequences.
• At first, the agreements themselves were essential to move
forward with a process of investigation, in effect, ontologically and
culturally preserved.
•
p.5
• To light, reflect, or understand a certain state of
affairs, maintains a tradition in this "state of affairs" acquired
ontological status.
the conducting research on what exists, we borrowed inertia
to conventional forms of life.
• Indeed, the survey mirroring tradition favors the status
quo.
• Ex: research and treatments on mental health
The mirroring for doing (most important part)
• In view of the limits of metaphor mirroring research, the
author proposes return to the question of the consequences
• As already proposed when the search begins with a
"subject matter", the result is an extension of the existing
traditions, and suppression of alternate realities.
• The social imagination is limited.
• But, we ask, which suspended the mirror metaphor, and its
invitation to study what captivates the look?
• Given a prized view of the possible, the challenge for
research would be to explore such a possibility could be held. The aim of the
investigation would not be the highlight "what is", but to create
"what is to become." Herein lies the essence of a future training
guidance for research.
• This is to extend the Aristotelian concept of knowledge
through praxis.
• When the pursuit of knowledge through theoria is to
establish an articulated truth, seek knowledge through praxis is achieved
through representations within an action in progress.
• In contemporary educational circles, the distinction is in
the representation and the contrast between the propositional and procedural
knowledge, as the latter is implied, not formalized, and carried through to
completion.
• Also relevant is the Socratic concept of episteme, or the
knowledge embodied in the active realization of a goal with a téchne
representing the craft or ability to perform.
p.6
• As the investigation should be made in this direction
forming future? as a preparatory stimulus, quotes Harry Harlow, on monkeys in
groups and isolated.
• Cita Kahneman, Slovic and Twersky, (1982) on cognitive
processing, immigrants from depression situation.
• cites two previous questions:
The first concerns the metaphysical assumptions
The second concerns the conditions of the contemporary
world, both of which add substantial weight to this proposal.
Social research in metaphysical context
• All research is informed directly or indirectly by certain
assumptions or agreements that allow, either in the form of a metaphysical or
ontological background fully articulated.
• In surveys of metaphysical bases, such as changing
mirroring evidence which could be understood as a profound change in the
conception of knowledge.
• When fully expanded, this change also bring along
important implications for social science research. As we have come to
understand scientific knowledge, your goal is to light up a subject such that
its results will benefit future action.
• Traditionally, this benefit is drawn up in the forecast
and control language, but in a less pronounced way can be found in all
mirroring research.
• But what should be assumed about the nature of this
subject to make this plausible goal? At least one feature seems to be the
resistance character.
• That is, the object must be sufficiently durable
(repetitive or replicable) that useful knowledge can be established. When we
assume the continued existence of a subject matter, we can begin to measure
correctly, generalize and predict. The very concept of research affirms the
assumption, suggesting that the object of our gaze is stable, so that we can
return to "search" again.
• At the same time, what are the potential consequences of a
metaphysics of change?
• The author proposes that the limitations in traditional
orientation are substantial; the potential of a metaphysical process-oriented
are rich and largely unexplored. In this light, it is useful to consider that
our world conditions appear to be contemporary.
Search in a World Flows
• As you can tell, the "objects of study"
traditional are slowly dissolving.
• This condition is coming to all the social sciences? In
light of the impact of communication technologies on cultural life, such a
conclusion seems eminently plausible.
• For nearly a century, we saw the flourishing of
technologies that intensify, complexities, and speed up communication
processes. Starting with the radio, the automobile, mass transit systems, and
mass publication in the early twentieth century, and subsequently adding jet
transportation, television, the internet and the mobile phone, the human
exchange landscape is radically changed.
• All these technologies work to create, maintain, or
subvert the ways of understanding or belief, with the result that the meaning
of worlds are in continuous motion - with modifications, absorptions,
confrontations and creations that occur constantly and instantly around the
globe.
• If human action is significantly dependent on negotiated
agreements between people, as suggested above, then the stable traditions are
everywhere under siege.
• Such changes in conditions of the world have been the
subject of a wide academic concern. Berman (1983), All that is solid melts into
air: The experience of modernity, and Hardison (1990) Disappearing through the
skylight: culture and technology in the twentieth century, and went in the
time.
• My own work, The saturated self: Dilemmas of identity in
everyday life, then focused on the impact of technology on self concepts. And
in more recent times, there is, for example, the works
p.8
• of Eitzen and Zinn (2011), about the changes on society of
massive globalization; Rogers (2011) on the "old fracture"; Bauman
(2011) on the "liquidity" emerging human relations, and Giddens
(2000), on how globalization is reshaping our lives.
• These are, of course, the proposals of work, but they pose
a formidable question.
• If we find ourselves in a world where increasingly
unpredictable fluctuation mark all facets of life - self-conception, the life
of the family and community, the global power settings, economics, and disease
-
• What is the place of a research tradition that tries to
mirror a stable state of affairs? In what sense can we sustain a hypothesis
progress in knowledge?
• The author proposes that the most promising way is a
science that engages in the very conformation of change direction.
Toward Future Research Forming
• This is not boarding a disjunctive imaginary world of a
research world beyond the reach of contemporary researchers.
• According to the author seems more promising to examine
current and emerging practices with potential for forming future.
• If such practices can be addressed in terms of this
potential, a new awareness can be germinated.
• New, more powerful practices can be stimulated.
• In some ways, then, this offer can serve as a mid-wife at
a moving forming.
• The voice can be given the sensitivity of other disjointed
manner, thus giving form and function to future endeavors.
• In this light, the author consider three ways to search
with prescient potential.
Inquiry as incitement
• The attempt is to draw critical attention to the ways of
situations, and to engender a critical awareness that social change can jump.
• The hope is that "seeing with new eyes" could
incite resistance to the status quo.
• While most of the critical work today is arguably
theoretical, there is a large amount of research that are dedicated to
liberating purposes.
• The methodological options for doing this kind of work is
unlimited.
• Here, the intention is to illuminate the ways of use of
language that variously serve to oppress, discriminate, dominate, or because of
other socially corrosive forms.
• Inspired especially by libertarian ideas, the goal of this
research is to free the reader from traditional forms or common sense formation
of the world.
• However, there are also substantial restrictions on
critical research in their future potential form.
9
• Points criticism of open questions regarding the need to
use traditional genres of scientific writing.
• Writing is elitist, and serves only to increase the power
of those who are privileged by virtue of education and class.
• The performative approach paves the way to explore various
forms of writing, including for example the use of short stories, poetry,
autobiography, collaborative writing and more.
• Other researchers explore the representation of potential
beyond the writing.
• Researchers in critical performative field are thus
favored by a powerful array of rhetorical means by which they can reach a
larger audience with more impact.
•
Research as Creative Construction
• It is represented by a range of researchers trying to
build or create new "forms of life."
• More fully connected the view of knowledge through
practice, which aims to create replicable practices that achieve meta-invested.
• The goal is not to illuminate the problems in society, but
to design practices that can achieve better or more viable results.
• Such guidance was especially attractive in fields specifically
confronted with practical challenges (eg, education, organizational
development, health care, mental health, reduced conflict).
• In many of these areas the traditional attempt to solve
problems through scientific research has been frustrating and ineffective.
• Traditional research is often dedicated to support
theoretical propositions; however, there is no obvious means arising from
abstract propositions or actions relevant to specific circumstances. Even when
the survey was designed to solve a particular problem, he is concerned about
the narrow band of selected variables, ambiguity in the measurement, conflicts
between statistical models and multiple interpretations of the results, all in
a context of fluctuating conditions continuously.
• Traditional research does not produce any reliable or
authoritative way forward.
• The result among professionals is a growing sense that
"The best way to predict the future is to create it."
the examples: Wertern Reserve, drawing constructivist
narrative ideas, or psychiatric patients and pharmaceutical industries
p.10
• In all these examples, we have a form of research in which
knowledge is acquired through the complex and creative process of building a
successful practice (see also Hassan, 2014; and Kahane 2012).
• When this knowledge is shared, it becomes a resource for
others.
• There is also a mode where such research is cumulative.
• How many practices are generated, they provide
alternatives from which you can select the one that best fits local needs (see,
for example, Bojer, Roehl, & Knuth, 2008), or from which new hybrids can be
formed. U
• m grouping of peacebuilding practices, for example,
provides what amounts to a "vocabulary" from which new practices can
emerge.
p.11
Research as a collaborative action
• Potential for Research on future building practices are
huge.
• Capacity building remains largely in the hands of the
research community.
• With constant repetition, the meaning of dialogue can
change; conversations, since they absorb in their spontaneity now become
subject to programmatic and policy development.
• Knowledge of a dialogic practice becomes subject to
manipulation.
• A highly promising alternative to the practice of
construction represented in trying a growing number of researchers to work in
collaboration with those outside the academy to achieve social change.
• More formally, these efforts are called action research.
• Many organizational scholars share an interest in
communities of practice action research, and especially relevant to this offer,
learning communities.
• Examples of researchers on women's rights, or in
education, or or in the field of management.
• These examples culminate in an instruction - liberating,
producing practical and focused action - illustrating the substantial potential
inherent in a future orientation doing research.
• According to the author, carry with them the first winds
of change, heralds a significant change in the conception of knowledge and
practice of social research.
•
p.12
• With education in the science of world-making, and the
broad dissemination of successful innovations, maybe we could escape the logic
of determinism and begin to realize the potential for collaboration shaping the
future.
• There are also important social and political implications
of this shift toward the question as taking future.
• One of the major problems with mirroring tradition is that
the conclusions on the conditions have little impact on the welfare of society.
• This is not only because the forms of shared discourse within
the professions are largely unavailable or inaccessible to those outside, but
the truth postulates of the profession are highly vulnerable to criticism on
methodological grounds.
• The laboratory situations designed to "test"
general hypotheses are typically far from everyday life.
• The samples used in Western social science are often
criticized as WEIRD (trend in, educated, industrialized, rich and democratic
Western samples).
• Find traditional research results insensitive to the
currents of social change; as it is said, the social science research is
"journalism in slow motion."
• In contrast, the meaning of forming a future with research
orientation does not rest on the general truth also postulates active
achievements.
Example, research in a hospital.
Theory in a changing world
• This offer has focused almost exclusively on research
practices as opposed to theoretical work in the social sciences.
• It can be argued that the theoretical work is itself a
form of research, but for the present is useful to honor the distinction theory
/ traditional research.
• In the same way, all the research brings premises or
premises which can be seen as the theoretical.
• The author distinguishes the function of the theory within
the traditional view of a science mirroring and its potential in the future of
record making.
• The main functions of the traditional social science
theory are:
to integrate and synthesize the results, observations and
interpretations of the broad field of research;
to provide a framework from which to assemble a new search
(with viability or on the final truth value of theory); and
to offer the society a world which has useful applications
can be derived.
• The most important here, however, is the question of how
this approach to function theory in terms of its potential future are prepared.
• Within the social sciences, traditional surveys do not
provide a simple answer
the presence of research results has rarely served as a
major boost to the theoretical conjecture.
the there is little confidence in systematic research.
• In fact, most such theories serve as fundamental
statements about the nature of human action.
• For the author, to the extent that the intelligibilities
traditional theories are inspired by the research of social sciences, the
result for society has been modest.
• This is largely due to the separation between the research
community and society in general.
• In another sense, there are theoretical trying to replace
the traditional understanding of society as comprising individual units or
persons provided with a relational process view from which the very idea of
individuals may (or may not) emerge.
• The relational theory moves now slowly rearing practices,
therapy and organizational development.
• In short, in future deliberations on the possibility of a
future decision science, social theorists should be giving a significant place
in the scientific field.
Final Challenges
• This proposal researcher vision as an active agent
training for the future raises many questions, both theoretical and practical.
• In the conceptual side, the challenge is to more fully
enhance the design knowledge from a viewpoint of process. "Knowing
what" can be seen as a specialized form of "knowing" with claims
to unmask its dependence on the disjointed process from which they derive.
• In a world of rapid and unpredictable flow, focus on
"what is the case" has limited potential. The challenge is that of
rapidly synthesizing multiple sources of information, and moving
improvisavelmente an ambiguous context.
p.14
• At the same time, the author is seen within a training
framework for the future, a renewal and re / viewing of the moral dimension of
research.
• Most traditional researchers perceive in the mirror as an
escape from significant resolution of such issues, with the claim that strict
lighting than is the case in any way benefit the world.
• The critical theorists have provided full illustrations of
the ideological saturation of social research, and others have continued to
enrich our understanding of the moral dimensions of social research (eg,
Richardson, Fowers and Guignon, 1999; Brinkmann, 2011), communities relevant
research seem unchanged.
• Most research traditions continue with little thought of
their ideological or moral implications.
• However, if the search view as a future form is a more
fully realized enterprise, there is little escaping deliberation on such
issues.
• This is because specifying these future conditions for
some researchers to develop corresponds most dedicated efforts.
o To address the issue in a responsible way "to what
kind of future that I can contribute," is facing complex issues of good.
"Who would be valuable such an achievement, for those who would be
oppressive; what we are doing with this diversity of traditions of good?"
The claim that the traditional science is concerned with
what is, rather than what should be, is now reversed.
• The logic developed in the text also offers a significant
dimension to these deliberations.
• moral choice issues are traditionally linked to the
individual actor.
It is the individual who acquires moral value because of his
/ her choices.
• There are close associations between this vision and eye
tradition in science.
The metaphor of the solitary figure of Galileo heroically
confronting the church, lends tacit support to an individualistic view of moral
decision-making.
The issue of the "duty" is therefore a personal
matter, "the future that I value?"
the The key is embedded in the proposition previously to
know about a particular form of behavior makes it possible to be done (or not).
In general, we act on our lives in ways we seek what
"makes sense" within relationships in which we participate -
reflecting simultaneously and potentially transformative tradition.
• From this point of view, the activities become valuable,
worthwhile, or morale within relational activity.
• What moral trends are rooted in social traditions is
hardly a new idea (MacIntyre, 1981; Alexander, 2002).
• We live in a world of competing and conflicting moral traditions.
• The values represented in any research effort are
inherently vulnerable.
• The choices of future results in research training should
not then be a matter of personal integrity, but of relational responsibility -
the responsibility for the social process from which morality emerges.
• For Gergen, (2009) made the multiple traditions of good,
moral decision-making can ideally rest on dialogical process - deliberation
among stakeholders. We approach a social pragmatic morality.
•
• In conclusion,
• The importance of the natural sciences in society was not
derived from their superiority claims on truth, but on their contribution to
the affairs of everyday life.
• The dramatic investments in science that marked the
twentieth century were largely due to the results of this research for the cure
of diseases, energy use, making more effective weapons, creating better
building materials, and so on.
p.15
• There was appreciation of the scientific knowledge derived
not from their propositions but from their social outcomes.
• The social sciences have been very involved with the role
of truth-making, thus pushing the concern with cultural contribution to a
secondary position. (Opinion of the author)
• Example: when we write for magazines and books, we believe
that these applications will be held in the minds and hearts of the population.
It is the thrust of this proposal to reverse the investment - to undertake
research as a form of social action.
• We live in a world where religious and political conflict
threaten the world, governments are dysfunctional, communities are running out,
the long-standing cultural traditions are evaporating, we struggle with our
relationships and our habitat - both natural and technological .
• It is time for the social sciences channel their
substantial resources of intelligence and ingenuity and create more flourishing
forms of coexistence.
